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Depression is a mental disorder characterized by persistent low mood and belongs to the category of "stagnation syndrome" in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， with the characteristics of high prevalence， high disability rate， high suicide rate， and high recurrence rate. The pathogenesis of depression is extremely complex and involves factors such as genetics， psychology， and social environment. Currently， clinical antidepressant drugs such as tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants， and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors， have slow onset of action and significant adverse effects with long-term application. Furthermore， clinical statistics show that about one-third of patients do not respond to these types of medications. Enhancing the effectiveness of depression treatment has become a major challenge in the medical field. TCM， based on the holistic view and treatment based on syndrome differentiation， has unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of depression， including stable therapeutic effects， low recurrence rate， minimal side effects， and good patient compliance. As one of the heat-clearing drugs， Gardeniae Fructus has the effects of clearing heat， purging fire， cooling blood， and relieving restlessness， which makes it effective in treating patients with "stagnation syndrome". Literature studies have found that active components of Gardeniae Fructus， such as geniposide， genipin， and crocin， as well as drug pairs such as Gardeniae Fructus-Chuanxiong Rhizoma， Gardeniae Fructus-Acanthopanacis Senticosi Radix et Rhizoma Seu Caulis， and Gardeniae Fructus-Lycii Fructus， and prescriptions such as Zhizichi Tang， Yuejuwan， Zhizi Houpotang， Danzhi Xiaoyaosan， and Jieyu Anshen Granules， have shown significant antidepressant effects. The mechanism of action may be related to regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis， modulating neurotransmitters such as serotonin （5-HT） and dopamine （DA）， increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） in the hippocampus， enhancing neurogenesis in the hippocampus， and regulating the nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-κB） signaling pathway to inhibit neuroinflammation. This article summarized the research progress on the active components of Gardeniae Fructus， drug pairs， and Chinse medicinal prescriptions containing Gardeniae Fructus， providing references for further promoting the clinical application of Gardeniae Fructus and its prescriptions in the treatment of depression.
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Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features, immunophenotypes and molecular genetics of EWSR1-SMAD3 positive fibroblastic tumor (ESFT) with an emphasis on differential diagnosis. Methods: The clinicopathological data, immunohistochemical profiles and molecular profiles of 3 ESFT cases diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center from 2018 to 2021were analyzed. The related literature was also reviewed. Results: There were two males and one female. The patients were 24, 12 and 36 years old, respectively. All three tumors occurred in the subcutis of the foot with the disease duration of 6 months to 2 years. The tumors were presented with a slowly growing mass or nodule, accompanied with pain in 1 patient. The tumors ranged in size from 0.1 to 1.6 cm (mean, 1.0 cm). Microscopically, the tumors were located in the subcutaneous tissue with a nodular or plexiform growth pattern. They were composed of cellular fascicles of bland spindle cells with elongated nuclei and fine chromatin. One of the tumors infiltrated into adjacent adipose tissue. There was no nuclear atypia or mitotic activities. All three tumors showed prominent stromal hyalinization with zonal pattern present in one case. Focal punctate calcification was noted in two cases. The immunohistochemical studies showed that tumor cells were diffusely positive for ERG and negative for CD31 and CD34, with Ki-67 index less than 2%. Fluorescence in situ hybridization on the two tested cases identified EWSR1 gene rearrangement. The next generation sequencing analysis demonstrated EWSR1-SMAD3 fusion in all three cases. During the follow up, one patient developed local recurrence 24 months after the surgery. Conclusions: ESFT is a benign fibroblastic neoplasm and has a predilection for the foot, characterized by ERG immunoreactivity and EWSR1-SMAD3 fusion. Local recurrence might occur when incompletely excised. Familiarity with its clinicopathological features is helpful in distinguishing it from other spindle cell neoplasms that tend to occur at acral sites.
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Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis , China , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Neoplasms, Fibrous Tissue/pathology , RNA-Binding Protein EWS/genetics , Smad3 Protein/genetics , Soft Tissue Neoplasms/surgeryABSTRACT
Three children with Skene duct cyst were presented in this article. By reviewing literature, in pediatric population, Skene duct cycts mostly occur in newborns and conservative therapy is the first choice in this group.In contrast, it is extremely rare between the ages of 1 and 12, and surgical excised is the preferred therapy because of having a similar pathogenesis to adults.
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Objective:To explore the clinical features and treatment strategy of congenital anterior urethrocutaneous fistula.Methods:A total of 7 cases with congenital anterior urethrocutaneous fistula were repaired by surgery between January 2006 and February 2019 in Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University. The median age was 30 (18-92) months. All of cases had a intact prepucs and a normal external urethal meatus located at the tip of glans. Fistula located at subcoronal culus in 2 cases, midshaft in 3 cases, penioscrotal region in 1 case, scrotum in 1 case, respectively.Defect longitudinal diameter was 0.5-1.5cm. Associated anomalies including division of scrotum in 3 cases, penile chordee in 2 cases, urethral meatus stenosis in 1 case, right hydrocele in 1 case. Six cases had underwent one-stage fistula repair incluing Duplay procedure in 4 cases(case 1, 2, 4 and 6), Onlay preputial flap in 1 case(case 3), TIP repair with dorsal plication for straightening and urethrotomy in 1 case(case 5). Case 7 had underwent a two-stage repair, which received Duckett flap repair with urethrostomy simultaneously at the base of the penis, and the defect was closed in second procedure. All of neourethras were reinforced by soft tissues from different places.Results:Of 6 cases with one-stage repair, the catheter was removed 10-14 days after surgery in 5 cases. Removal of the catheter was delayed until 3 weeks in case 3 because of poor wound healing. Case 7 received Duckett flap repair with urethrostomy in the initial surgery, who recovered uneventfully and was resolved during the second operation. No recurrence, urethral stricture or chordee occurence were noted in all after a 1-8 years followup period.Conclusions:Congenital anterior urethrocutaneous fistula have a high overall success rate.Duplay could be applied to cases without penile curvature, and well-developed urethral plate. Onlay or TIP is more suitable for cases with narrow urethral plate. The principle of hypospadias repair should be followed for those cases with severe penile curvature.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on in-hospital survival and prognosis of adult patients with fulminant myocarditis.Methods:The registration materials of 21 patients with fulminant myocarditis supported by veno-arterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) from March 2019 to January 2022 in the Heart Center of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University were selected from the Chinese Society for Extracorporeal Life Support (CSECLS) Registry Database. The clinical baseline data, laboratory and echocardiographic data, VA-ECMO related parameters, complications and in-hospital outcome were recorded. The main end events of follow-up were death and readmission due to heart failure.Results:① The median age of 21 patients was (42.7±16.4) years, there were 12 males (57.1%) and 9 females (42.9%), and 16 patients (76.2%) survived in hospital and 5 patients (23.8%) died in hospital. ② Compared with the survival group, patients in the death group had a higher proportion of invasive ventilator support and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) [3/16 (18.8%) vs. 4/5 (80.0%), 3/16 (18.8%) vs. 4/5 (80.0%)], and a lower survival after VA-ECMO score (SAVE) [score: -5.0 (-5.0, -3.0) vs. 1.0 (-6.0, 5.0)], the serum creatinine (SCr) level was higher during VA-ECMO support [μmol/L: 248.0 (144.0, 447.0) vs. 83.0 (71.7, 110.9)], the platelet count (PLT) level was lower [×10 9/L: 60.0 (31.5, 96.5) vs. 100.0 (71.0, 139.3)], and the ECMO initial support flow rate was higher (L/min: 3.2±0.7 vs. 2.6±0.4). All the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). ③ The echocardiography indexes of the survival group were significantly improved at discharge compared with those at admission [left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, %): 54.0±6.7 vs. 30.0±7.2], left ventricular end-diastolic volume [(LVESV, mL): 55.7±27.5 vs. 85.9±28.7], cardiac index [(CI, L·min -1·m -2): 2.6±0.4 vs. 1.9±0.6], cardiac output [(CO, L/min): 4.5±0.7 vs. 3.2±0.9]. All the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). ④ The median follow-up time of the 16 survivial patients was 9 (2, 14) months. During the follow-up period, 5 patients (31.3%) were readmitted to the hospital due to heart failure (1 case of cardiogenic death). The average ECMO support duration of the 5 patients who readmitted to the hospital due to heart failure was significantly shorter than that of the 11 patients without heart failure [hours: 82.0 (47.0, 99.0) vs. 116.0 (98.0, 156.0), Z = -2.381, P = 0.017]. Conclusions:On the basis of immunomodulatory and other treatments, early application of VA-ECMO in adult patients with fulminant myocarditis can significantly improve in-hospital survival rate and cardiac function. Heart failure after discharge may be related to short VA-ECMO support time during hospitalization.
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ObjectiveTo explore the effect of Buyang Huanwutang （BHD） on rehabilitation of ischemic stroke（IS） by cell membrane solid-phase chromatography and network pharmacology. MethodCell membrane solid-phase chromatography was performed to screen the specific binding components of BHD with hippocampal neurons. Targets of the specific components were retrieved based on PubChem and PharmMapper and those of IS were searched from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man （OMIM） and GeneCards. Then， the protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed with STRING and Cytoscape 3.7.1， followed by Gene Ontology （GO） term enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment of the hub genes in the PPI network. Thereby， the mechanism of BHD in promoting IS rehabilitation was clarified. ResultA total of 13 specific components were identified. The hub genes were mainly involved in the biological processes of regulation of cell proliferation， protein phosphorylation， hypoxia response， and angiogenesis， and the pathways of Forkhead box O （FoxO） signaling pathway， adenosine 5'-monophosphate （AMP）-activated protein kinase （AMPK） signaling pathway， nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） signaling pathway， and apoptosis pathway. ConclusionBHD may promote the recovery of IS by regulating FoxO， AMPK， NF-κB， and apoptosis pathways.
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Based on the characteristics of clinical symptoms of secretory otitis media in traditional Chinese and Western medicine,by reference to clinical diagnostic criteria,efforts were made to analyze and establish the Western medical diagnostic criteria and traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) syndrome differentiation criteria for secretory otitis media,and summarize the modeling methods and model characteristics of secretory otitis media animal models. According to the clinical diagnostic criteria and symptom characteristics,the coincidence degree between the existing animal models and clinical symptoms was evaluated,and its advantages and disadvantages were defined. On the basis of the statistical results,there were fewer methods for modeling secretory otitis media animal models,and only a specific relevant pathogenic mechanism could be revealed. Among them,the model with a higher coincidence degree was genetic engineering technology modeling and injection into the middle ear vesicles. The two modeling methods of bacterial factors highly coincided with the clinical symptoms of Western medicine,but both failed to reflect the TCM syndrome type. Therefore,establishing an animal model that simultaneously reflects the characteristics of clinical symptoms of secretory otitis media in traditional Chinese and Western medicine,and improving the evaluation criteria of secretory otitis media based on animal models are the main tasks of future studies on secretory otitis media.
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Animals , China , Disease Models, Animal , Medicine , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Otitis Media with Effusion/drug therapyABSTRACT
This study summarized and analyzed the modeling methods， modeling mechanisms， and advantages and disadvantages of existing animal models of acute pancreatitis （AP） with the purposes of replicating animal models more in line with the clinical syndrome characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and Western medicine， improving the basic research of AP， and promoting its in-depth research. Further， the clinical diagnostic criteria of TCM and Western medicine were drawn up， and the agreement was evaluated between animal models of AP and clinical syndrome characteristics of TCM and Western medicine. The results demonstrated that the AP model induced by choline-deficient ethionine-supplemented diet （CDE）-supplemented diet was highly consistent with the clinical syndromes of TCM and Western medicine， which was simple in operation and small in mortality. However， the modeling did not involve the pathogenic factors of TCM. Although many approaches have been proposed to establish animal models of AP so far， most of the models meet the diagnostic criteria of Western medicine but， lacking the manifestation of TCM symptoms， less agree with the clinical syndromes of TCM. At present， animal models of AP alone are mostly used to study the pharmacodynamics and mechanisms of Chinese and Western medicines， which fail to meet the requirements of syndrome differentiation and treatment in TCM theories. Only the animal models of AP which conform to the TCM syndrome characteristics and are basically consistent with clinical syndromes greatly contribute to the essence study of TCM syndromes and the development of innovative Chinese medicines. Therefore， establishing animal models that can simultaneously reflect the clinical syndrome characteristics of AP in both TCM and Western medicine and replicating more realistic， accurate and comprehensive animal models of AP are worthy of further research.
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This paper collated the western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） diagnostic criteria of pulmonary fibrosis （PF） based on its clinical characteristics and relevant literature reports and summarized the inductive agents， methods， objects， and mechanisms for replicating the PF animal models as well as their respective advantages and disadvantages. By analyzing the consistency of symptoms among successfully modeled animal models with the clinical characteristics in TCM and western medicine， we found that the intratracheal injection of bleomycin was the most frequently employed method for modeling， and the resulting outcomes were very similar to clinical characteristics in TCM and Western Medicine. Besides， considering the time-saving process， high stability， good repeatability， and low cost， such method was suitable for the rapid screening of drugs. The second preferred method was intraperitoneal injection of paraquat， which exhibited the advantages of high degree of consistency with clinical characteristics of PF caused by paraquat poisoning， low cost， high success rate， and easy operation， which allowed it to be suitable for exploring the mechanism of paraquat poisoning and developing the antidotes. The existing PF animal models shared a fairly high degree of consistency in symptoms with patients diagnosed as having PF in western medicine. However， the criteria for TCM syndrome differentiation remained unclear， and the animal models failed to reflect TCM pathogenesis. It is necessary to establish more accurate TCM diagnostic criteria that focus on syndrome differentiation and reveal TCM etiology and pathogenesis and carry out more experiments concerning TCM syndromes of PF in the future， so as to better treat PF with integrated TCM and Western Medicine.
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Objective:To explore the macroscopic medication rule of Chinese medicine for the treatment of primary liver cancer and provide references for clinical medication. Method:The databases of CNKI，VIP， and Wanfang Data were searched for research articles published from September 1959 to June 2019 with the terms of "Chinese medicine" and "liver cancer". A database was established based on the collected Chinese medicinal prescriptions for the treatment of primary liver cancer. The frequency，clustering， and association rules were analyzed by Excel， etc. Result:In this study，106 effective articles were included，and after the modified prescriptions were removed， 92 effective prescriptions were screened out，involving 281 Chinese herbal medicines used for 1 181 times in total. The top 5 high-frequency drugs were Poria （deficiency-tonifying），Astragali Radix （heat-clearing），Bupleuri Radix （blood-activating and stasis-resolving），Paeoniae Radix Alba （urination-promoting and dampness-draining）， and Codonopsis Radix （Qi-regulating）. The analysis of drug flavor with a frequency higher than 10 showed that most of the drugs were sweet，bitter， and pungent in flavor，cold，warm， and plain in nature，and acted on spleen and liver meridians. Four combinations and 10 herbal pairs were obtained by the cluster analysis of high-frequency drugs and association analysis， respectively. The high-frequency drugs and potential herbal pairs were classified targeting the specific clinical syndromes in different stages of liver cancer. Conclusion:Replenishing Qi， invigorating spleen，clearing heat， removing toxin，activating blood， and resolving stasis were the basic principles for the treatment of primary liver cancer. The combination of those drugs was the main therapeutic strategy. In addition，the resulting 10 potential herbal pairs from high-frequency drugs and cluster analysis could inspire the clinical treatment of primary liver cancer in different clinical stages with various clinical syndromes， which was of reference value for the clinical medication.
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Based on the clinical characteristics of thromboembolic vasculitis， the diagnostic criteria in western medicine and the dialectical standard in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） were analyzed and established by consulting relevant literature， and the modeling method， modeling objects as well as modeling advantages and disadvantages for the animal models of thromboembolic vasculitis were summarized in this paper. By analyzing its coincidence with the characteristics of clinical symptoms in traditional Chinese and western medicine， it was found that the animal model of thromboembolic vasculitis had a higher degree of coincidence with the clinical symptoms in western medicine， as well as cold and dampness blocking collaterals syndrome and heat toxin injury yin syndrome in TCM， but lower degree of coincidence with damp-heat toxin syndrome and Qi-blood deficiency syndrome. There is no animal model consistent with blood stasis syndrome. The pathological and hemorheological indexes （blood viscosity， erythrocyte sedimentation rate） were the most common indexes. Compared with a large number of cases reported in clinical treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans， the experimental research was relatively weak. It is the focus of future research to establish a reasonable model to judge the quantitative standard， and to establish the animal model with higher coincidence degree with TCM syndrome.
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Objective:To analyze the research status of the external use of medicinal materials and decoction pieces in the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia</italic> （volume 1）， so as to provide reference for the clinical external use research of Chinese medicines. Method:The external function， usage， dosage and other information of medicinal materials and decoction pieces in the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia</italic> （volume 1） were analyzed and compared. Result:In the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia</italic> （volume 1）， there were 165 kinds of Chinese medicines that could be used externally， including 25 kinds of Chinese medicines that clearly recorded their functions for external use， such as Euphorbiae Semen， Euphorbiae Semen Pulveratum， Arisaematis Rhizoma， Arisaematis Rhizoma Preparatum， Crotonis Fructus， Crotonis Semen Pulveratum， Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma， Artemisiae Argyi Folium， Alumen， Stemonae Radix， Genkwa Flos， Cera Flava， Mel， Psoraleae Fructus， Gardeniae Fructus， Calomelas， Bruceae Fructus， Drynariae Rhizoma， Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix， Cuscutae Semen， Phytolaccae Radix， Meretricis Concha， Talcum， Talci Pulvis and Propolis. The amount of Chinese medicine for external use recorded in the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia</italic> was mostly appropriate for external use， the amount for external use was not clear. The application method for external use focused on beating powder and applying the affected areas， decocting for fumigation and washing， simmering to paste， etc. Clinical external use was used for the treatment of eczema， tinea pedis， chapped skin and other skin diseases. Conclusion:The number of Chinese medicines recorded in the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia</italic> for external use is increasing， but the function， dosage and usage of these Chinese medicines for external use still need to be improved.
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Objective:To investigate the effect and mechanism of Chaihu Jia Longgu Mulitang （CJLM） on hippocampal NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3）inflammasome pathway in rats with depression. Method:Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group，a model group， a MCC950 （1 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>） group， and high- （13 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>）， medium- （6.5 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>）， and low-dose （3.25 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>） Chaihu Jia Longgu Mulitang groups， with 10 rats in each group．The depression model was induced by isolation combined with chronic unpredictable mild stimulation（CUMS） in rats except for those in the normal group. Rats were treated correspondingly for 21 days by intraperitoneal injection in the MCC950 group and gavage in other groups. The normal group and the model group received an equal volume of normal saline. The depression-like behaviors of rats were observed by sucrose preference test （SPT） and novelty-suppressed feeding test. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to determine the levels of interleukin-1<italic>β </italic>（IL-1<italic>β</italic>） and IL-18 in the hippocampus of depressed rats. Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of NLRP3， apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase recruitment domain （ASC）， and Caspase-1. Result:Compared with the normal group， the model group showed decreased sucrose preference rate （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， prolonged novelty-suppressed feeding time （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， enhanced protein expression of NLRP3，ASC， and caspase-1<italic> </italic>（<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， and elevated expression of IL-1<italic>β</italic> and IL-18 （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Conclusion:CJLM can alleviate depression-like behaviors in CUMS-induced model rats， and the underlying mechanism is related to the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway．
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Objective:To determine the epidemiological characteristics and incidence trends of sexually transmitted diseases （STD） in Mengla County of Yunnan Province， and provide evidence for future prevention and control of STD. Methods:STD case information from 2005 to 2017 was extracted from the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Report Information System. Data were collected by year and disease type，and the incidence rate， epidemic characteristics and suspicious contact history of STD were statistically analyzed. Results:A total of 1 251 STD cases were reported in Mengla county from 2005 to 2017， including 490 gonorrhea， 483 syphilis， 216 condyloma acuminatum， 16 genital chlamydial infection and 46 genital herpes. The average annual incidence of STD was 35.57/100 000. The majority of STD cases were 20-29 years old （n=541，43.25%）， married （n=603，48.20%）， Han people （n=638，50.10%）， with education of middle school （n=536，42.85%）， and occupation of farmers （n=702， 56.12%）. The 42.61% of STD cases had non-marital sexual contact history， in which the proportion was significantly higher among male （55.05%） than female （28.98%）. In addition， the proportion of non-marital sex among STD cases increased gradually by year and significantly differed. Conclusion:The epidemic status of STD in Mengla county is relatively low. However， STD incidence increased gradually by year， which warrants more and specific measures on the STD control and prevention.
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This study aims to explore the mechanism of fresh Phragmitis Rhizoma against chronic bronchitis airway inflammation. The SD rats of SPF grade were divided into control group, model group, Guilongkechuanning group(GLKCN, 1.125 g·kg~(-1)), high-dose fresh Phragmitis Rhizoma group(LG-HD, 15 g·kg~(-1)), and low-dose fresh Phragmitis Rhizoma group(LG-LD, 7.5 g·kg~(-1)). The chronic bronchitis models of rats in other groups except the control group were induced by the modified smoking method. From the 15 th day of modeling, the rats were given corresponding agents by gavage for 20 consecutive days. After the last administration, the rats were sacrificed for sample collection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was employed to detect serum transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) and interleukin-6(IL-6) levels. The protein expression of TGF-β, IL-1β and IL-6 in lung tissue was detected by immunohistochemical method. Masson staining was performed to detect collagen fibers and muscle fibers in lung tissue, and HE staining to detect the pathological changes of lung tissue. Human bronchial epithelial(16 HBE) cells were cultured in vitro, and CCK-8(cell counting kit-8) method was used to detect the cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke extract(CSE) and fresh Phragmitis Rhizoma. After the exposure of 16 HBE cells to 3.5% CSE and appropriate concentration(800, 400 μg·mL~(-1)) of fresh Phragmitis Rhizoma for 24 h, quantitative real-time PCR was conducted to determine the mRNA levels of TGF-β and IL-1β, and Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of TGF-β and IL-6 in the cells. The rat model of chronic bronchitis induced by smoking was successfully established. Fresh Phragmitis Rhizoma reduced serum TGF-β and IL-6 levels, down-regulated the protein levels of TGF-β, IL-1β, and IL-6 in lung tissue, and alleviated pathological changes and fibrotic lesions in lung tissue. Moreover, it down-regulated the CSE-induced protein expression of TGF-β and IL-6 as well as the mRNA level of TGF-β in 16 HBE cells. These results indicated that fresh Phragmitis Rhizoma could prevent airway inflammation from chronic bronchitis and promote cell repair by inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway.
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Animals , Rats , Bronchitis, Chronic/genetics , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Inflammation , Lung , Poaceae/chemistry , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rhizome , Signal Transduction , Transforming Growth Factor beta/geneticsABSTRACT
Knee osteoarthritis(KOA) is a common orthopedic disease. Its main symptoms include pain in the medial knee, aggravated knee pain during walking, limited movement, and joint deformity, which seriously affect the daily life of patients. The replication of animal models consistent with clinical symptoms is the premise of KOA-related experimental research. Based on the clinical characteristics of KOA and Western medicine, this paper discusses the existing KOA animal model, and analyzes the clinical anastomosis of the existing model based on the clinical diagnostic criteria of KOA. Through analysis and comparison, it can be seen that most of the existing modeling methods are single-factor animal models, which have a certain gap with the characteristics of KOA caused by clinical multi-factors and interaction. Moreover, modeling methods are mostly guided by Western medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine pathogenic factors are absent in the modeling process. Only cold stimulation method takes cold and wet into account. In the evaluation of the model, knee swelling, pain and articular rickets were the main evaluation criteria, which were different from the diagnostic criteria of Chinese and Western medicine in KOA. In terms of syndrome differentiation and classification, KOA is divided into kidney vacuity and deficiency of marrow, Yang vacuity and cold coagulation, and blood stasis and arrest in traditional Chinese medicine. The exis-ting animal models often confuse KOA with each other. Only cold stimulation method is used to establish KOA of Yang vacuity and cold coagulation. Therefore, in this paper, based on KOA clinical symptoms between Chinese and Western medicine features, analysis of the existing animal models, for further improving KOA animal models, the standardization of the model to evaluate suggestions, in order to improve the animal models and clinical inosculation between Chinese and Western medicine, the KOA animal model to better serve the scientific research work, promote the related mechanism, pathological changes and drug screening.
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Animals , Humans , Disease Models, Animal , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Osteoarthritis, KneeABSTRACT
The pathogenesis of chloasma is complex and diverse. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） believes that it is mostly related to liver, spleen and kidney, with hematogenous impassability as the standard and pigmentation on the face or body surface as the main symptom. Western medicine believes that it is closely related to family inheritance, ethnic differences and ultraviolet radiation. At present, there are various clinical therapies, mainly including prevention of ultraviolet radiation, local whitening agent and chemical skin. In addition, TCM plays an important role in the treatment of chloasma, often involving internal use, topical use, acupuncture and moxibustion. Modern studies have shown that TCM therapies mainly regulate the metabolism of antioxidant, endocrine and melanin in vivo. Although the mechanism of action could not explained to some extent, there are still some restriction in the discussions on the mechanism of external use of TCM in controlling chloasma. As the skin nerve-endocrine-immune (NEI) network is proposed and further studied, the role of NEI network in realizing overall functional regulation with cytokines, hormones and neurotransmitters as information molecules has been widely verified and recognized. This paper symmetrically reviewed the pathogenesis of chloasma and the progress of the regulatory effect of TCM, and proposed the possible local efficacy of TCM for external use in treating chloasma by regulating surface NEI network. This is worth further study and exploration in the expectation of providing new ideas for the treatment of chloasma and the studies on the mechanisms of action of TCM for external use.
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Objective:To study the effect of modified Xiao Chaihutang on the expressions of excitatory amino acid transporters（EAATs） and vesicle glutamate transporters（VGLUTs）in hippocampus of rats with chronic depression， in order to explore the anti-depressant mechanism of modified Xiao Chaihutang based on glutamate transport. Method:A total of 120 SD rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， and low， middle and high-dose modified Xiaochaihutang groups （6.5， 13， 26 g·kg-1） and riluzole group， with 20 rats in each group．Except normal group， the depression model of rats was prepared through Chronic restraint stress（CRS）. The normal group and the model group were intragastrically （ig） given normal saline. The modified Xiao Chaihutang groups were intragastrically given corresponding herbal drugs （6.5， 13， 26 g·kg-1）， and the Riluzole group was given Riluzole 20 mg·kg-1 through intraoeritoneal injection for 21 days， once a day. Then the depressive behaviors of rats were observed by forced swimming test （FST） and tail suspension test （TST）. The level of glutamic acid （Glu） in rats hippocampus was determined by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The mRNA expressions of EAAT1， EAAT2 and EAAT3 in hippocampus were detected by Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）method. Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of EAAT1， EAAT2， EAAT3， VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in rat hippocampus tissue. Nissl staining was used to observe the morphology of hippocampal neurons in rats. Immunohistochemical（IHC）S-P method were used to detect the location expressions of EAAT1， EAAT2 and NeuN proteins in rat hippocampal CA1 region tissue. Result:The immobility times in FST and TST were increased significantly（P<0.01）， the mRNA and protein expressions of EAAT1，EAAT2，EAAT3 were decreased significantly （P<0.01）， and as well as the expressions of VGLUT1 and NeuN were decreased significantly（P<0.01）， while the level of Glutamate and the expression of VGLUT2 were increased significantly（P<0.01） in model group， compared with normal group. Compared with model group，the immobility times in FST and TST were decreased significantly（P<0.05， P<0.01）， mRNA and protein expressions of EAAT1，EAAT2，EAAT3 were increased significantly（P<0.01）， and expressions of VGLUT1 and NeuN were increased significantly（P<0.01）. However， the level of Glutamate and the expression of VGLUT2 were decreased significantly（P<0.01）， and the damage of hippocampal neurons in rats was mild in middle and high-dose modified Xiao Chaihutang groups. Conclusion:Modified Xiao Chaihutang has an anti-depressive effect. Its mechanism may be related to its up-regulation of expressions of EAAT1， EAAT2， EAAT3 genes and VGLUT1 protein in the hippocampus of depression model rats.
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Objective:To study the effect of modified Suanzaoren Tang on the expression of excitatory amino acids receptor（EAARs） in hippocampus of rats with chronic depression， and to explore the anti-depressant mechanism of modified Suanzaoren Tang based on excitatory amino acids receptor. Method:Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into normal group，model group，and low，middle and high-dose modified Suanzaoren Tang groups，and ketamine group，with 10 rats in each group．Except normal group，the depression model of rats was prepared by using chronic restraint stress（CRS）.The normal group and model group were intragastrically（ig） given normal saline．the modified Suanzaoren Tang groups were intragastrically given corresponding herbal drugs 6，12，24 g·kg-1， ketamine group group were given ketamine 0.015 g·kg-1 through intraoeritoneal injection，for 21 days，once a day．Then the depressive behaviors of rats were observed by Morris water maze and novelty feeding experiment.Western blot was used to detect the levels of DAR1，NMDAR2A，NMDAR2B，GluR1，mGluR1，CaMKⅡα and CaMKⅡβ protein expression in rat hippocampus tissue. Result:Compared with normal group，the time of novel ingestion and escape latencywere prolonged significantly（P<0.01）， and the time of space exploration was shortened significantly（P<0.01）.The levels of NMDAR1，NMDAR2A，NMDAR2B，mGluR1 and CaMKⅡβ expression were increased significantly（P<0.01），while the levels of GluR1 and CaMKⅡα expression were decreased significantly（P<0.01）in model group. Compared with model group，the time of novel ingestion and escape latency were shortened significantly （P<0.01）， and the time of space exploration was prolonged significantly（P<0.01）.The levels of NMDAR1，NMDAR2A，NMDAR2B，mGluR1 and CaMKⅡβ protein expression were decreased significantly（P<0.01），but the levels of GluR1 and CaMKⅡα expression were increased decreased significantly（P<0.01）in middle and high-dose modified Suanzaoren Tang groups. Conclusion:Modified Suanzaoren Tang can improve the behavior of chronic depression rats effectly. Its mechanism may be related with reduction the expression of NMDAR1，NMDAR2A，NMDAR2B，mGluR1 and CaMKⅡβ protein ，increase the expression of GluR1and CaMKⅡα protein.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To study the effect of Chaihu Jia Longgu Mulitang on phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/glycogen synthase kinase 3β （GSK3β）/β-catenin signaling pathway of hippocampus in rats with depression. Method:A total of 120 SD rats were randomly divided into normal group，model group， and low， middle and high-dose Chaihu Jia Longgu Mulitang groups（3.25，6.5，13 g·kg-1）， and fluoxetine group， with 20 rats in each group. Except normal group， the depression model was prepared through chronic unpredictable mild stimulation（CUMS）. The normal group and the model group were given normal saline with 6.5 g·kg-1 by gavage. Chaihu Jia Longgu Mulitang groups were intragastrically given corresponding herbal drugs 3.75，6.5，13 g·kg-1， while fluoxetine group was intragastrically given fluoxetine 10 mg·kg-1 for 21 days， once a day. Then the depressive behaviors of rats were observed by sucrose preference test （SPT） and forced swimming test （FST）. Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of PI3K，Akt，GSK3β and phosphorylation level. Result:Compared with normal group，the sucrose preference index was decreased significantly，while the immobility time in FST was increased significantly（P<0.01）， the protein expressions of PI3K， p-PI3K p110， p-PI3K p85 were decreased significantly （P<0.01）， and expressions of Akt， p-Akt Thr308，p-Akt Ser473， p-GSK3β Ser9 and β-catenin were decreased significantly（P<0.01）， while the level of GSK3β， p-GSK3β Tyr216 were increased significantly in model group（P<0.05，P<0.01）. Compared with model group，Chaihu Jia Longgu Mulitang could increase sucrose preference index and decrease the immobility time in FST（P<0.01）， the protein expressions of PI3K p110 and PI3K p85 was increased significantly （P<0.01）， levels of Akt Thr308，Akt Ser473， p-GSK3β Ser9， β-catenin were increased significantly （P<0.01）， whereas levels of GSK3β， and GSK3β Tyr216 were decreased significantly. Conclusion:Chaihu Jia Longgu Mulitang could increase protein expression and activity of PI3K in rat hippocampus， activate Akt， inhibit GSK3β kinase activity and prevent β-catenin from degradation， so as to increase PI3K/Akt pathway activity in rat hippocampus， and protect hippocampal neurons.